Local anaesthetic drugs reversibly prevents transmission of the nerve impulse in the region to which it is applied, without affecting consciousness. It is applied in dentistry, spinal surgery, etc. Local anaesthetic drugs provide anaesthesia and analgesia both intra- and post-operatively. They are applied locally and block nerve conduction of sensory impulses from the periphery to … Read more
Bupivacaine (Marcaine) is an amide-type long-acting local anaesthetic agent used for infiltration anesthesia, for nerve blocks, for epidural anesthesia, and spinal anesthesia. They are both available in isobaric and hyperbaric forms (Bupivacaine Plain vs Bupivacaine Heavy). In this article, we will look at the few differences between the two forms of bupivacaine. Bupivacaine Plain vs … Read more
Marcaine Heavy (Bupivacaine Heavy) is an amide-type local anaesthetic drug given as an intrathecal anaesthetic. When given, it has a rapid onset and a medium to long duration depending on the dose. Local anesthetics generally block the generation of the action potential in nerve cells by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation. They are used … Read more
Bupivacaine plain (Marcain, Marcaine) is a long-acting amide-type local anaesthetic drug used for all all types of block except intravenous regional block and obstetric paracervical block. Bupivacaine, first discovered in 1957, is related to mepivacaine. Local anesthetics generally block the generation of the action potential in nerve cells by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation. … Read more
Pharmaceutical excipients are components that make up the dosage forms, together with the active pharmaceutical components to protect, sustain or improve the stability of the formulation. Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) rarely maintain stability on its own, as it can denaturate, or stick to the container, making it unfit for use. Pharmaceutical excipients can make up … Read more
The use of inhalational anaesthetic agents date back to 1840s, with the emergence of nitrous oxide (1844), ether (1846), and chloroform (1847). However, these agents were found to be effective but highly flammable or toxic to biological tissues, leading to research and discovery of other inhalational agents like fluorinated ethers and hydrocarbons. Halothane, discovered in … Read more
Top castor oil manufacturers in India include Jayant Agro-Organics, Gokul Agro, Royal Castor Products Limited, Modi Oil Mill, NandiRaj Producer Company Limited, and Dev Internationals. Most of these producers are based in Gujarat. India remains the top producer and exporter of castor oil globally, controlling over 90% of the market. The various grades of castor … Read more
Castor oil is made from the annual oilseed crop called castor (Ricinus communis) a vegetable oil common in the Eastern part of the world. The oil is widely known for its laxative properties. However, other health benefits such as uterine contraction, lipid metabolism, and antimicrobial activity have been reported. Castor oil is colourless to very … Read more
Portugal is one of the top-10 ranked countries for olive oil production. Key producers and olive oil manufacturers in Portugal include Casa Anadia (Qta do Bom Sucesso), Casa de Santo Amaro, Monterosa (Algarve), Azeite Fonte da Bica, Olivais do Sul, EMS Torrado, and Gallo Worldwide. 70% of the Portugal’s olive oil production is done in … Read more
Most of the olive oil manufacturers in South Africa are based in the Western Cape, especially in areas like Paarl, Stellenbosch, Porterville, and Franschhoek. This is because of the Mediterranean climate. Though South Africa produce olive oils, it can only meet about 30-33% of the country’s demand, with imports from Italy and Spain meeting the … Read more