Clinical pharmacy involves the provision of patient care, and promote safe, appropriate, and cost-effective drug therapy to patients by the pharmacist.
A community pharmacy is also called a retail pharmacy. Community Pharmacist dispenses both non-prescription and prescription medication with properly authorized prescriptions to patients. Also, they offer medication counselling after dispensing. A community pharmacy is a primary health caregiver and provides drug and medical information to other health caregivers and the public. Community Pharmacists work in … Read more
Every pharmaceutical and biotechnology product, medical device must be certified for safety, effectiveness, and efficacy before they are approved for public consumption. One of the necessary requirement is that drugs must pass different phases of clinical trials. A clinical trial is a prospective biomedical or behavioural research study of human subjects that is designed to … Read more
Placebo is a Latin term, which means “I may please you.” They are inactive treatment made to look like the real treatment being studied in clinical research, but they lack active substance. However, they give the psychological feeling of real medication – a term called “placebo effect”. They are also called “sugar pills” “dummies”, and … Read more
Tetanus is a neurotoxin produced by a gram -ve bacterium called clostridium tetani. They enter the body through unclean wounds. In the body, they produce a neurotoxin. They enter the peripheral nerves, and also the spinal cord. They affect the spinal inhibitory interneurons. Neurons such as corticospinal neurons are released from inhibition, causing uncontrollable contractions … Read more
Both diclofenac and ibuprofen are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). They work by blocking the action of both cyclooxygenases, COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes blocking prostaglandin production. Prostaglandins are responsible for inflammation and pain. Diclofenac and ibuprofen are used for pain and inflammatory conditions such as pyrexia, headache, migraine attacks, osteoarthritis, menstrual cramps, etc. In our previous … Read more
Diclofenac is formed as either sodium or potassium salt. Diclofenac belongs to a group of drugs called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. They have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory actions. The diclofenac sodium or potassium are the two forms available for patients. The mechanism of action of NSAIDs is not fully known. However, they work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase … Read more
Loratadine and cetirizine are both anti-histamines used for treating allergic conditions such as rhinitis, colds, pruritus, urticarial rashes, sneezing, allergic conjunctivitis, and nasal congestion. The question is: should I take loratadine or cetirizine hydrochloride? Loratadine is a cyproheptadine derivative. It is a long-acting and potent tricyclic H1-antihistamine drug. It selectively antagonizes the histamine H₁ receptor. … Read more
There are so many debates about combining anti-malarial drugs and vitamin C. Different researches have proven that combining both vitamin C and anti-malarial drugs might actually be harmful in the treatment of malaria. It has also been observed that taking vitamin A-rich fruits such as grapefruit, oranges with artesunate, and amodiaquine can cause a reduction … Read more
Vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, is an effervescent tablet indicated for the treatment of scurvy. It is a water-soluble vitamin and has antioxidant properties just like vitamin E. Before we talk about whether to choose white vitamin C or orange vitamin C, we will try to explain it. Vitamin C is not generated in … Read more
Ketoconazole and Itraconazole are both inhibitors of ergosterol synthesis, thereby stopping cell membrane formation in the fungi. Therefore, giving two drugs, such as ketoconazole and itraconazole together, is not beneficial to a patient. This is because they have the same mechanism of action. Itraconazole is a triazole antifungal agent. It has activities against dermatophytes, yeasts, … Read more