Pharmacy topics and knowledge in key areas including clinical pharmacy, pharmaceutical technology, pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical microbiology, pharmaceutics, and pharmacognosy.
Local anaesthetic drugs reversibly prevents transmission of the nerve impulse in the region to which it is applied, without affecting consciousness. It is applied in dentistry, spinal surgery, etc. Local anaesthetic drugs provide anaesthesia and analgesia both intra- and post-operatively. They are applied locally and block nerve conduction of sensory impulses from the periphery to … Read more
Bupivacaine (Marcaine) is an amide-type long-acting local anaesthetic agent used for infiltration anesthesia, for nerve blocks, for epidural anesthesia, and spinal anesthesia. They are both available in isobaric and hyperbaric forms (Bupivacaine Plain vs Bupivacaine Heavy). In this article, we will look at the few differences between the two forms of bupivacaine. Bupivacaine Plain vs … Read more
Marcaine Heavy (Bupivacaine Heavy) is an amide-type local anaesthetic drug given as an intrathecal anaesthetic. When given, it has a rapid onset and a medium to long duration depending on the dose. Local anesthetics generally block the generation of the action potential in nerve cells by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation. They are used … Read more
Bupivacaine plain (Marcain, Marcaine) is a long-acting amide-type local anaesthetic drug used for all all types of block except intravenous regional block and obstetric paracervical block. Bupivacaine, first discovered in 1957, is related to mepivacaine. Local anesthetics generally block the generation of the action potential in nerve cells by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation. … Read more
Pharmaceutical excipients are components that make up the dosage forms, together with the active pharmaceutical components to protect, sustain or improve the stability of the formulation. Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) rarely maintain stability on its own, as it can denaturate, or stick to the container, making it unfit for use. Pharmaceutical excipients can make up … Read more
The use of inhalational anaesthetic agents date back to 1840s, with the emergence of nitrous oxide (1844), ether (1846), and chloroform (1847). However, these agents were found to be effective but highly flammable or toxic to biological tissues, leading to research and discovery of other inhalational agents like fluorinated ethers and hydrocarbons. Halothane, discovered in … Read more
Fungal infections are caused by microorganisms that attack the epithelial tissue. They obtain their food from the environment, just like animals (heterotrophic). Some fungi can be beneficial, and help in biodegradation, others cause opportunistic infections when they find their way to the skin, lungs and nasal passages. The fungal kingdom includes yeasts, molds, rusts, and … Read more
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid also called co-amoxiclav or amox-clav, is an antimicrobial combination drug of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid used in emergency and primary care unit. The amoxicillin is a penicillin drug that has activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Clavulanic acid is a β-lactamase inhibitor. Important brand names of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid are Augmentin, Clavulin, Amoclan. Why … Read more
In the management of diabetes, insulin syringes are often used to deliver insulin injection to the subcutaneous tissue, or “sub-Q” injection, the layer of fat between the skin and the muscle. This is because insulin is easily broken down when given orally (pill) as it is a protein and can degrade in the stomach and … Read more
Pharmaceutical preservatives are chemical substances that tend to improve the shelf life of drugs either by inhibiting oxidation of the active ingredients and excipients thereby preventing microbial infection and other chemical contamination. Most drug formulations, food products, and cosmetic products are incorporated with preservatives to curb microbial growth. Preservatives are used to stabilize the products, … Read more