Pharmacy topics and knowledge in key areas including clinical pharmacy, pharmaceutical technology, pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical microbiology, pharmaceutics, and pharmacognosy.
Hydrogen peroxide, or H2O2, was discovered in 1818 by a French chemist, Louis Jacques Thenard, and was originally used to bleach hats. He reacted barium peroxide with nitric acid to produce a low concentration of aqueous H2O2. H2O2, is a colorless, odorless liquid at room temperature, with bitter taste. A small amount of gaseous hydrogen … Read more
Methylated spirit is a clear and colorless liquid used in industries, clinical settings and households. Methylated spirit is a denatured alcohol (or alcohol), as it contain additives that render it unsafe for drinking but for use as disinfectant, and for industrial purposes. The denaturing makes it the most bitter substance to taste, unpleasant in smell … Read more
There are different poison and antidotes, but the most important aspect in treating poisoning is the identification of the ingested poisonous or corrosive substance. What is a poison? A poison is any substance when administered by ways such as mouth, injection, inhalation, skin or mucous membrane, causes ill health, disease, or death. Acute poisoning can … Read more
Genotype and phenotype are two terms used when explaining and differentiating the genetic makeup of an individual as well as the expression of traits. The genes and other factors (epigenetic and environmental factors) determine the expression of traits. Genotype is our genetic makeup, while phenotype are the observable characteristics. The main difference between genotype and … Read more
A carrier couple is a husband and wife with the sickle cell traits (Hemoglobin S) in their genotype, e.g., AS, and SS individuals. AS individuals, are advised not to marry each other, as there are possibilities of giving birth to a sickle cell patient. There are strongly advised to marry AA individuals, because AA has … Read more
Knowing your genotype is an important thing to do before choosing a life partner. This is because marrying a person who has genotype incompatibility with you may result in giving birth to offspring with certain diseases, such as sickle cell disorders. Therefor, the knowledge of genotype, blood types, and the blood group is a necessary … Read more
Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens. Antigens can trigger immune system response during blood transfusion if blood typing and cross-matching is not properly done. This reaction can cause clumping of blood cells and can be fatal. Blood transfusion is needed during surgery, trauma, cancer therapy, anemia, and difficult child delivery. … Read more
Blood grouping or blood typing is the grouping of blood based on the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells. These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids. International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) recognizes 43 blood group system, with over 349 antigens. 48 genes genetically determine these … Read more
Cell is the smallest functional unit and is categorised into two types – prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Every organism is made of cells, which is the basic structural and functional unit. In this post, we will differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. But before that, we will explain the two types of cells. What is … Read more
There are different healthcare plans available to US citizens and residents. The two main healthcare plans are medicare and medicaid. Apart from the two plans, we also have other health care plans such as TRICARE, COBRA, Liability insurance coverage, Workers’ compensation, and Private insurance coverage (such as group health plan or retiree coverage). But our … Read more